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Alabaster is a mineral or rock that is soft, often used for carving, and is processed for plaster powder. Archaeologists and the stone processing industry use the word differently from geologists.The former use it in a wider sense that includes varieties of two different minerals: the fine-grained massive type of gypsum and the fine-grained banded type of calcite.
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Indigenous Australians burned coal for energy to heat and cook, and the Awabakal People from the Newcastle, NSW area have a Dreamtime legend about the formation of coal. There is evidence dating back six thousand years that the people inhabiting northeastern China used coal to carve ornaments. By 1000 BC it was used to smelt copper in China.
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Ancient Clay Roofs: Imbrex and Tegula. Roofing tiles came in two shapes to make a complete and relatively waterproof roofing system called imbrex and tegula (the name was developed later by the Romans). One roofing tile was a flat, square tile called "imbrex". The other was a smaller curved piece called "tegula.".
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Red ochre is hematite (anhydrated oxide), and is the most common form of earth pigment, other than a basic brown ochre.; Purple ochre is identical to red ochre in composition, but refracts light differently due to a larger average particle size. Yellow ochre is limonite (hydrated iron oxide). With heat treatment the composition of yellow ochre may be altered, resulting in the production of ...
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For the colonists, these difficulties in the use of coal were evident in mining, transportation and use, impediments that also led to a greater expense, even though the sale of coal fetched only a small price. Only after a lengthy series of innovations and adaptations did the use of coal become financially rewarding.
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The spoons are beautifully carved and combine both ancient Celtic designs and symbols of affection, commitment and faith. Possibly the most important record of early myth, legend, folklore and language of Wales is contained within The Mabinogion .
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They used the metal in beads, inlay and castings, and even coated silver with gold amalgam, driving off the mercury with heat to leave behind silver gilded with pure gold. The Vikings also utilized various semiprecious gemstones, notably amber.
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Apr 4, 2021Up until the 7th century BC there was very little iron present in Egypt, as this material only became commonly used once the Assyrians invaded at that time; in fact, the ancient Egyptians regarded iron as an impure metal associated with Seth, the spirit of evil who according to Egyptian tradition governed the central deserts of Africa.
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Around 3750 B.C., the Ancient Egyptians made use of charcoal to smelt ores to create bronze. By 1500 B.C., according to the first documented use of charcoal as written on papyrus, the Egyptians' use of charcoal had progressed, using the material to absorb unpleasant odors, cure intestinal ailments and even preserve the dead.
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Oct 26, 2021On the eve of the festival, it was believed the spirits of the dead could return home to mingle with the living. So people dressed in costumes and carved sinister faces into root vegetables to ward...
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History of Quill Pens. Quills were the most sophisticated writing instruments for a long time (some 15 centuries). Many large birds gave their contribution to the spreading of knowledge until metal pens replaced feathers in writing. Read more about history of quill pens.
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This week we will discuss the malachite in our Hall of Gems and Minerals and its connections to ancient Egyptian culture. Malachite ( Cu 2 (CO 3 ) (OH) 2 ) is a copper ore found all over the world. It is formed by a chemical reaction between weathering copper deposits and carbonates in the surrounding rock. It usually occurs in limestone, in ...
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God didn't see Jack as worthy of going to heaven and it had not been ten years since Jack and the Devil had made their deal. The Devil left Jack in the dark with only a burning coal. He then placed the coal into a carved turnip. According to the story, Jack has been roaming the earth with his Jack-O-Lantern ever since.
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Oct 20, 2021Maoris began carving them for lanterns 700 years ago - the Maori word for "gourd" and "lampshade" are actually the same. According to Irish folklore, a man called Jack O'Lantern was sentenced to...
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Jul 29, 2022Cannel coal was extensively used as a source of coal oil in the 19th century. Coal oil is made by heating cannel coal with a controlled amount of oxygen, a process called pyrolysis. Coal oil was used primarily as fuel for streetlights and other illumination. The widespread use of kerosene reduced the use of coal oil in the 20th century.
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Visible impression of a textile used during the burial in which copper piece was found. (56405) Photographer : Ron Testa; Date ... Carving of Long Billed or Spoonbill or Duck on top of fish (56750) ... Piece of carved cannal coal. Shaped like human thumb, burns with a bright flame, may have been used for burnt offerings (56401) ...
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The legend of the Jack-O'-Lantern comes from 18th century Ireland and there have been a LOT of variations of the story but the story is still the same. The Jack-O'-Lantern originated from Ireland and not in the USA. The Irish talked about a man nicknamed "Stingy Jack." According to the story, Stingy Jack was an old drunk who made a deal with ...
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Answer (1 of 4): It should be pointed out that the precision of ancient Egyptian masonry is usually exaggerated. Most of it is quite rough, with the more precise parts limited to facings and stones meant to be visible. That said, where they did go in for fine stonework, it was done with simple to...
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tunnels and underground excavations, horizontal underground passageway produced by excavation or occasionally by nature's action in dissolving a soluble rock, such as limestone. A vertical opening is usually called a shaft. Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road vehicles, trains, subways, and canals—and for conducting water and sewage. Underground ...
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Researchers have conducted experiments that recreate the process of forging a sword using bog iron and -coal; the carbon from the bones can penetrate up to 3 millimeters deep into bog iron,...
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Jul 26, 2021Hieroglyphic writing, whose name comes from hieroglyphikos, the Greek word for "sacred carving," has been found carved into stone walls more than 5,000 years ago, and was used up until the 4th ...
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Feb 5, 2022Black kohl is the ancient Egyptians' primary type of eye makeup. The ancient Egyptians eye makeup used malachite gree. Malachite is a pigment made of copper carbonate and black kohl made of natural lead. They needed a unique mineral to produce dark gray kohl at that time. Crushed coal had to be used to make this type of kohl.
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Jan Brinn, Michigan State University Extension - October 8, 2015. Take some of the scare out of Halloween and research the history and legends of this fall tradition of carving pumpkins. Youth can gain a cultural education from a jack-o'-lantern. Halloween will soon be upon us and provide a great opportunity for youth cultural education.
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The technique is used to smooth and finish footrings on wheel-thrown wares or undercut places on molded or jiggered pieces. It is usually done on the potter's wheel or jigger as the ware revolves. Lathe turning, like most hand operations, was tending to disappear in the mid-20th century except on the more ornamental and expensive objects.
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The ancient Egyptians who built the pyramids may have been able to move massive stone blocks across the desert by wetting the sand in front of a contraption built to pull the heavy objects ...
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Alexander the Great commissioned his portrait - in the likeness of a god - to be engraved in stone in the third century BCE, according to jewelry expert Anna M. Miller, author of "Cameos Old and New.". This was the first time a cameo - a three-dimensional figure carved out of stone - was seen in Egypt. It is perhaps the first known ...
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The ancient accounts agree that they were primarily mounted warriors, and as such lived nomadic lifestyles. They also explain that the warriors favored archery over hand to hand combat. Considering how that method later allowed the Mongols to carve out the largest empire in the world, it was a pretty sound approach.
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Jul 29, 2021The history of jack-o'-lanterns. "In every ancient pagan tradition worldwide, people honor their dead, their ancestors," says Cerridwen Fallingstar, Witch, teacher, and author of Broth from ...
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Jul 23, 2022Later, ancient man discovered metals which provided materials for superior weapons and tools. Slow-going and dangerous it may have been, but ancient mining techniques were clever. The earliest mines sought cosmetic pigments for funerals. Picks and hammer stones are examples of stone age tools. Later, ancient man discovered metals which provided ...
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The info can be obtained here too. In the past e.g. 100 years ago and all the way to ancient times; oven makers used stones, clay, sieved river sand and later oven builders used fireclay bricks (firebricks), clay, sieved river sand and mixed into was introduced the lime (produced from limestone) to strengthen the refractory structure.
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Stone carving is an activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, stone work has survived which was created during our prehistory or past time.. Work carried out by paleolithic societies to create stone tools is more often referred to as knapping.Stone carving that is done to produce lettering is more often ...
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coal mining, extraction of coal deposits from the surface of Earth and from underground. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on Earth. Its predominant use has always been for producing heat energy. It was the basic energy source that fueled the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the industrial growth of that era in turn supported the large-scale exploitation of coal ...
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The earliest recognized use is from the Shenyang area of China where by 4000 BC Neolithic inhabitants had begun carving ornaments from black lignite. Coal from the Fushun mine in northeastern China was used to smelt copper as early as 1000 BC. Marco Polo, the Italian who traveled to China in the 13th century, described coal as "black stones ... which burn like logs", and said coal was so ...
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While the Romans named the stone Britain's Best Stone, they used it to carve jewelry from it. The use of expensive jewelry soon lost its value due to mass quantities of coal was discovered. The use of it as diamonds gave some wealth at first for the Romans the jewels were no longer made after 150 years.
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Eventually people learned to make charcoal and to burn coal. As these are almost pure carbon, they burn hotter and more efficiently than wood. At this point they started making the simplest furnaces. This was just a low hollow tower of clay, less than the height of a person, called a Bloomery. They filled it with charcoal and iron ore an
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A solid, durable type of lignite coal that originated from wood. It is mined around the Acoma Pueblo region, among other places, thus the name Acoma Jet, or Jet for short. ... It is very smooth and solid and is relatively easy to carve. Ancient tribesmen crafted Verdite into jewelry and witchdoctors made a preparation from the powdered stone ...
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Adding water to the sand, however, increased its stiffness, and the sleds were able to glide more easily across the surface. This is because droplets of water create bridges between the grains of...
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Townsfolk began to refer to this figure as "Jack of the lantern," and shortly thereafter "Jack o' lantern." People began to carve their own lanterns out of turnips, beets, potatoes and eventually...
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The Legend of Stingy Jack and the Jack O'Lantern. Carving Jack O'Lanterns at Halloween has its origins in Irish myth. The legendary reason for all this turnip or pumpkin carving centered around a notoriously mean character called Stingy Jack. His legend has been handed down for generations in Irish folklore.
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Around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians used gypsum and lime mortars in building the pyramids. Their mortar allowed for precise joints of 1/50th of an inch. Loading 1400 BCE — 476 Greeks and Romans Greeks and Romans discovered concrete for building structures. The Romans used volcanic ash to build the Pantheon and other great structures. Loading 500
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